ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of the analysis of changes in the insurance system of the German population in the 21st century, which occurred under the influence of globalisation processes, increased flows, demographic changes and economic crises. The current situation in German society shows that the sphere of risk requires an expected norm of regulation, which is observed as one of the main tasks. It has been established that in the modern mandatory accounting in Germany, the necessary prevention of loss of income due to illnesses, accidents and disability, old age and calculation, the correct principle of delegating the composition of tasks by the executive body and the principles of solidarity of plant resources, in which part of the production of the working part of the population. It is certain that in the frequently encountered situation of the development of Germany, under the threat of new challenges, there is a refusal to function on the suddenly emerging features of the welfare state. It has been established that for more than a hundred years the financing of the social security system in Germany was carried out at the expense of insurance contributions from the possibilities of the population and employers. However, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, which has attracted close attention, primarily affecting the employment and insurance of the unemployed, the question arises of checking the system of financing the social security system. All of the above indicated the stress of the beginning of the processes of destruction of the previously functioning ones. It is concluded that conducted in the 21st century. In particular, the reforms in Germany touched upon the exclusive area of social security, the most important problems and problems associated with the insurance system – the labour market and the pension system. © 2023, The Belarusian State University. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Cities today face unprecedented challenges generated, among others, by climate change, demographic change, economic crisis and technological innovation. The Agenda 2030 sustainable goals aim to create more equitable and sustainable cities which account for all citizens’ needs and break down gender stereotypes. The mobility sector is still characterised by an uneven choice of travel modes due to multiple economic, social and cultural reasons. The COVID-19 crisis imposed harsh travel restrictions that had differentiated impacts on the mobility of various user groups, including the gender-defined ones. In this paper, the main social and economic trends, which affect gender demand, are identified along with their main characteristics. An overview of successful pre-pandemic European experiences in the gender planning field is discussed, with the aim of increasing the level of knowledge on the issue, adapting mobility services to meet the needs of all people, rethinking urban mobility and public space planning by incorporating more criteria of accessibility and sustainability, and improving the quality and safety of cycling, walking and public transport routes. For the recent pandemic circumstances, we indicate the facts that led women to experience a differentiated mobility landscape than men. Our research findings highlight the main factors that have led to gender inequality and discuss the gender gaps which emerged. Finally, we provide suggestions for the mitigation of this problem, laying the foundations for defining best practices useful for transport managers and authorities, which also increase both the quality of life and economic and employment opportunities. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Epidemic outbreaks are collective effects of ongoing globalization, urbanisation, population mobility, climate change, demographic change and evolution of newer strains of infectious agents that result in high morbidity, mortality and huge financial loss, such as COVID-19. Thus, the early prediction of the emergence of a disease can play a pivotal role to prevent a disease to become epidemic. The Edge AI based solution has been proposed for healthcare prediction using machine learning (ML). In this paper, our focus is to propose ML based advanced model for public healthcare to reduce and control epidemic outbreaks. Collective knowledge from interconnected disciplines, shared data repository, and diverse roles have been embedded into the proposed framework. An evaluation based on actual COVID-19 related data demonstrates that ML can be used for COVID risk prediction for public health data as well as to take preventive steps to combat epidemics in early-stage. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The arrival of a super-aging society due to demographic changes is a growing concern in many parts of Japan. Ohnishi et al. (2015), through their approach to the problem of shopping refugees using large-scale telephone directory data, selected Maebashi City in Gunma Prefecture (2017-) as the subject of this study and actually conducted a field survey. The city has been selected from the perspective of conducting an actual field survey and conducting an analysis linked to movement trends. In this analysis, an overview of the movement patterns of this data both domestically and internationally was conducted in consideration of anonymity, as well as trends around stations, universities, and other institutions, and a discussion of movement patterns in relation to the effects of weather which is expected to show the trend of human flow in normal period because it is the data before the COVID-19 disaster after 2020. © 2021 IEEE.
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Purpose The purposes of this study are to prove that the content of floor flexibility can be designed objectively with the use of margins, which are an architectural vocabulary visualizing the possibility of formal change, and to conduct a case study on how the existing typical floor plans of South Korean apartments change with the extension of flexibility: the usability of margins and the results. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews two housing projects with different methods of flexible housing design: one is the flexibility to change the sizes of spaces and the other is the flexibility to change the topology of spaces. In this paper, the architectural term "area margin" is used for the former and "linear margin" for the latter. These were applied to the case of current apartments in South Korea to transform them into floor plans with the two types of flexibility and investigated whether the proposed floor plans satisfy the required efficacy structurally and functionally. Findings This case study shows that margins can be used as architectural vocabularies representing flexible sizes of rooms and flexible boundaries with neighbors. The final form of the structural framework became homogeneous, even though it conserved its indigenous spatial characteristics of abundant natural sunlight and airflow. In addition, the transformed structural framework has higher rigidity than the original one, even though the transversal wall was cut off with a margin, as shown by the schematic representations in this paper. Research limitations/implications The alternative plan, designed as a modification process, is not representative as a flexible floor plan. Rather, it is thought more important to make a range of variations rather than prototyping a model. This study starts from the premise that it is desirable for apartment house plans to share and encourage variations rather than aiming at typical sizes and shapes. Furthermore, this study exemplified the process to modify the existing typical floor plan into a flexible one using margins. Through this modification, it is thought that the typology of the South Korean apartment, which has succeeded in gaining social consensus for half a century, can be preserved while accommodating social changes in the future. Social implications The control of future variations of floor plans will extend the socioeconomic and physical life of a building, enabling a reasonable reinvestment of resources. Originality/value This paper deals with a design method applying distinct visual symbols to different contexts of flexibility and using those as architectural vocabularies.
ABSTRACT
Demographic changes, increasing air pollution and the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, causing virus-induced respiratory failures, monitoring of respiratory parameters is the focus of international interest. In this study, motioncapture- system data was used to get circumferences of the human thorax while executing different breathing patterns. Four geometric models were used to model tidal volumes of the tracked person while using spirometry data as a reference. The results show that all four introduced models can be used for tidal volume calculation based on changes in the thoracic circumference. In terms of accuracy, the use-case must be considered © 2021 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston.
ABSTRACT
Mean retirement age for UK doctors is 59.6 years, giving the average OMFS consultant approximately 20 years of practice. Current pension tax regulations, new consultant posts typically restricted to a maximum of 10 sessions (40 hours), increasing proportions of consultants working less than full time (LTFT), all combined with the backlog of elective care created by COVID-19 will create a significant gap between workforce capacity and clinical demand. The age of current OMFS consultants was estimated using the date of their primary medical/dental qualification. Changes in job plans were estimated using data from the BAOMS Workforce Census and from recently advertised posts. Reports of unfilled posts were collated by OMFS Regional Specialty Professional Advisors (RSPAs). First degree dates were identified for 476 OMFS substantive consultant posts. Estimated current average age of OMFS consultants was 52.7 years (minimum 35.9, maximum 72.1), 75th centile age 59.0 and 23% of the current consultant workforce above the average retirement age for doctors. The 10 sessions of new OMFS consultants posts is significantly less than existing consultants' average of 12.1 sessions (48.4 hours). Unfilled consultant posts in Great Britain are 13% of the total compared to 20% in Northern Ireland and Ireland. Many (23%) of the OMFS consultant workforce are above average retirement age. Forty-hour contracts; new consultants working LTFT; and early loss of senior colleagues because of pension pressure will reduce NHS' capacity to treat OMFS disorders and injuries. This paper suggests increasing consultant posts, increasing trainee numbers, and actively retaining senior surgeons to maintain capacity.